"Beware of Geeks...Bearing Formulas"

Warren Buffett says it all, as reported in the 03 November 2008 print edition of the Wall Street Journal, titled "Behind AIG's Fall, Risk Models Failed to Pass Real-World Test." The article explains why the risk modeling used by AIG was one of the most significant causes of the storied insurers dramatic fall and current weakness.

As I have written in the past (Financial Crisis Primer), much of today's financial crisis is based on poor risk management. Additionally, the U.S. government had a strong role in the distortion of the mortgage and mortgage-backed securities market, creating a ripple effect felt through the credit-default swaps.

What is a credit-default swap? From the article:

"In essence, AIG sold insurance on billions of dollars of debt securities backed by everything from corporate loans to subprime mortgages to auto loans to credit-card receivables. It promised buyers of the swaps that if the debt securities defaulted, AIG would make good on them."

So, AIG had a Dr. Gary Gorton, formerly a Wharton professor and now a professor at Yale School of Management, build highly detailed models to determine "worst case scenarios" for the securities AIG was using for the credit-default swaps. While Dr. Gorton provided data based solely on the default potential of the backing securities, the AIG management was the final say on what was purchased.

So far, this sounds like a good practice. A very smart PhD economist builds a huge computer simulation to model risk. What the model didn't take into account is where this all falls apart and AIG is getting almost $100 billion in U.S. government loans.

The risk model of Dr. Gorton didn't account for the loss in value of the backing securities, nor did it account for the loss in value of AIG itself. Why? Mainly because the financial instruments used to create the credit-default swaps were so complex, and the other outside factors were near impossible to predict. In short, there were too many variables making proper risk management impossible also.

One can argue, as does a current criminal case, that AIG should have exercised better judgment in how it set up and sold credit-default swaps. One can argue that conservative risk management would have minimized these issues and allowed AIG to not require government financing. Perhaps there is another lesson in all of this. When something is too good to be true, like loose credit and cheap money, it pays not to be greedy. Just ask Lehman Brothers, or should I say, Barclays?

Financial Crisis Primer

**Make sure to read Part II, here.**

While I have written posts about the Freddie/Fannie mess as well as the collapse of Lehman and Bear, I found an excellent synopsis of the situation in the Sept. 19, 2008 print edition of "The Wall Street Journal." Cheap? No. 100% Free. Trade stocks for free on Zecco.com. The Free Trading Community. www.zecco.com

On page A21, Todd G. Bucholz writes in the Bookshelf section an article titled, "The Woe on Wall Street." The article is a review of David Smick's book, The World is Curved. Here is where I found this gem of knowledge:

"The real problem running throughout the system was not a lack of new regulations. It was a lack of skin - that is, skin in the game. Mortgage brokers turned into fly-by-nighters, immune from the effects of reckless decisions. Local bankers, securitized loans and packed them off to some naive investor or to a rating agency manned by analysts who weren't sharp enough to get a job at Bear Stearns or Lehman. Homebuyers who put nothing down or lied about their income could pack up and run off, leaving no skin behind. The entire housing sector began to look like a motel renting rooms by the hour, as johns and hookers snuck out during the wee hours."

Phew, in a paragraph, that's it. Each player had a part to play. In each case, there was a lack of fundamental risk management. Mortgage brokers were setting up loans to folks who shouldn't have had them. The banks lent the money anyway, and sold off the loans to those who didn't have the skill or desire to evaluate them properly. Investment houses saw low interest rates as the sole risk premium, ignoring all that they had learned at Wharton or Harvard. Protect your Medical Identity with TrustedID. $1,000,000 Warranty & Great Customer Service

While I don't wish to understate dishonesty or chicanery, I can't speak strongly enough of proper risk management. I invite all those who study or have studied such things to go back to your Finance books. Look at the sections about risk management. Its worth the read. And to think, I only got my MBA from a state school.

Winners and Losers

It is very easy to consider the free market as nothing but a vehicle to decide winners and losers. However, it is more than that. It is a vehicle to restore order and balance, insuring that the fundamental principles of economics are obeyed.

In the events of the past weeks, we have seen stalwarts such as Merrill Lynch and Co., Lehman Brothers, Bear Sterns, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae all begin to fade into obscurity.

As this is the political silly season in the U.S., politicians are quick to point blame at each other, some of which is well deserved. However, the current troubles are the result of violating basic economic principles. Yes, I repeated the phrase, because it bears repeating.

Companies in the U.S. can safely take on debt (leverage), if their cash flow permits it. Additionally, debt can be used to lessen taxes. However, with debt comes risk. Failure to properly evaluate risk can result in being over leveraged and unable to pay back the debt. That is exactly what we have seen in this current economic situation.

Individuals took out mortgages well in excess of their ability to pay. These mortgages were bundled, chopped into pieces (tranches), and sold. Lehman, Merrill, etc., bought these seemingly low-risk securities and then used them as collateral for new debt. In both the individual and corporate cases, they were over-leveraged. People have been missing mortgage payments. The tranches with bad mortgages have lost value. That value which was used as collateral is now insufficient to pay back corporate loans. Badda bing, badda boom, companies go out of business.

Let this be a lesson, conservative risk management rewards in the long run. Bank of America, JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs, while taking it on the chin in the short run, are well positioned to weather this storm. The market is correcting the excesses and that's exactly what it is supposed to do.